1. IntroductionWith the rapid advancement of new energy vehicles (NEVs), industrial automation, and robotics, electric drive systems are increasingly demanded to deliver high efficiency, high reliability, and lightweight performance. As a core component for power transmission, gear transmission play

A gear shaper cutter is essentially a modified gear that cuts the tooth profile of a workpiece gear through backlash-free "meshing" (i.e., generating motion). It can machine various types of cylindrical gears, including external spur and helical gears, internal gears, and double gears with narrow re

Materials are the cornerstone of modern industrial civilization. From chips in electronic devices to core components of aerospace equipment, all rely on the precise control and innovative application of material properties. Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) builds a complete knowledge system a

IntroductionIn the field of precision forged gears, there is a well - recognized saying: "80% of a gear's service life is determined by its forging streamlines". Streamlines are the "invisible backbone" of gears, and their integrity directly decides whether the gear can withstand long - term high -